Developing a network of high-stability spectrographs to find Earth twins
Theo Murphy meeting organised by Dr Annelies Mortier and Dr Heather Cegla
This meeting will discuss a worldwide network of 2-4m class telescopes, fitted with high-resolution (>100k), high-stability (< 50cm/s) spectrographs. Its main science goal would be the characterisation of small and long-period exoplanets through the radial velocity method. This meeting brings together experts in building and operating such spectrographs, analysing the resulting data, and managing large scientific networks.
The full programme, including speaker biographies and abstracts, will be available soon. A draft programme is shown below. Please note the programme may be subject to change.
Poster session
There will be a poster session on Monday 25 January 2027. Registered attendees will be invited to submit a proposed poster title and abstract (up to 200 words). Acceptances may be made on a rolling basis so we recommend submitting as soon as possible in case the session becomes full. Submissions made within one month of the meeting may not be included in the programme booklet.
Attending the event
This event is intended for researchers in relevant fields.
- Free to attend and in-person only
- When requesting an invitation, please briefly state your expertise and reasons for attending
- Requests are reviewed by the meeting organisers on a rolling basis. You will receive a link to register if your request has been successful
- Catering options will be available to purchase upon registering. Participants are responsible for booking their own accommodation
- Please do not book accommodation until you have been invited to attend the meeting by the meeting organisers
Please note that scientific meetings hosted by the Royal Society do not necessarily represent a Royal Society position or signify an endorsement of the speakers or content presented.
Enquiries: Scientific Programmes team
Image credit: © iStock.com / Unaihuiziphotography
Organisers
Schedule
| 09:00-09:05 |
Welcome by the Royal Society and lead organiser
|
|---|---|
| 09:05-09:30 |
Deploying a network of high-stability spectrographs
The purpose of this talk is to give an overview of the meeting rationale which concerns the deployment of a worldwide network of 2-4m class telescopes, fitted with high-resolution (>100k), high-stability (< 50cm/s) spectrographs. The main science goal of such a network would be the characterisation of small and long-period exoplanets through the radial velocity method. To construct and operate such a network, a variety of experts are needed, across optics, engineering, data processing, and data analysis. In this talk, we will motivate the need for such a network and set the stage to prime discussion for design concepts and the required technological development.
Professor Heather CeglaUniversity of Warwick, UK
Professor Heather CeglaUniversity of Warwick, UK Professor Heather Cegla is a UKRI Future Leaders Fellow at the University of Warwick. Her research aims to enable the future confirmation of Earth analogues and improve our understanding of planetary migration and evolution by disentangling stellar and planetary signatures. To do so, she studies stellar variability through a combination of theoretical modelling and observation: employing state-of-the-art 3D simulations to investigate the underlying physics, and using transiting planets to spatially resolve stellar surfaces and determine star–planet orbital alignments Heather completed her PhD at Queen’s University Belfast (QUB) in 2014, focusing on mitigating granulation noise in the confirmation of low-mass exoplanets using 3D magnetohydrodynamical simulations. She subsequently held a Leverhulme Trust Fellowship at QUB and a CHEOPS Research Fellowship at the University of Geneva. She previously studied Physics, with an emphasis in Astronomy and a minor in Mathematics, at Minnesota State University Moorhead.
Dr Annelies MortierUniversity of Birmingham, UK
Dr Annelies MortierUniversity of Birmingham, UK Annelies is an Associate Professor in astronomy and a UKRI Future Leader Fellow at the University of Birmingham. She previously did her PhD in Porto, a postdoc in St Andrews and a Kavli Fellowship in Cambridge. She is an observational astronomer playing with stars and exoplanets. She works on the detection and characterisation of (small) exoplanets, currently mostly using the HARPS-N spectrograph. She studies the link between planetary and stellar parameters, focusing mainly on chemical composition. Annelies also studies the Sun-as-a-star with multiple instruments to understand the processes behind stellar variability and their effect on radial velocity. |
| 09:30-09:45 |
Discussion
|
| 09:45-10:15 |
HARPS3
|
| 10:15-10:30 |
Discussion
|
| 10:30-11:00 |
Break
|
| 11:00-11:30 |
Optical designs
|
|---|---|
| 11:30-11:45 |
Discussion
|
| 11:45-12:15 |
HARVY: a Highly-repeatable-Autonomous-extreme-precision-Radial-Velocity-facilitY to intensively search for Earth-twins and follow-up transiting planets around Sun-like stars
The radial velocity (RV) method is the only technique currently mature enough to search for Earth-twins without relying on the geometry of a transit. However, due to stellar-variability, the RV discovery of ‘Earth-like’ planets around solar-like stars will require intensive study of a single target ‘nightly’ over a period of approximately ten years. As such, a survey of 20-30 targets of this type, like the Terra Hunting Experiment, would occupy a large amount of a single telescope’s capacity for a decade; making these surveys unfeasible at scale with current EPRV facilities. Hence, there is a desire in the exoplanet community for a way to easily, cheaply and repeatably build numerous EPRV facilities. HARVY aims to achieve this by treating the telescope and EPRV-spectrograph as a single instrument optimised in throughput to study FGK-dwarfs; with the ultimate aim to systematically search for Earth-twins with a low-cost facility using only 1.5m/1.8m-class telescopes
Dr Clark BakerUniversity of Cambridge, UK
Dr Clark BakerUniversity of Cambridge, UK Clark is leading the development of a next generation EPRV 'Earth-twin' survey facility, HARVY, at ETH-Zürich. This project aims to develop a system that can be rolled out at scale to generate a network of EPRV spectrographs globally, increasing the quantity and accessibility of precise radial velocity data. Previously, Clark was a Post-doc at the University of Cambridge, where he worked on the realisation of the HARPS3 instrument for the Terra Hunting Experiment. Clark completed his PhD at Queen Mary, University of London, in the study of Spectrographs for Exoplanetary Science. |
| 12:15-12:30 |
Discussion
|
Chair
Professor Heather Cegla
University of Warwick, UK
Professor Heather Cegla
University of Warwick, UK
Professor Heather Cegla is a UKRI Future Leaders Fellow at the University of Warwick. Her research aims to enable the future confirmation of Earth analogues and improve our understanding of planetary migration and evolution by disentangling stellar and planetary signatures. To do so, she studies stellar variability through a combination of theoretical modelling and observation: employing state-of-the-art 3D simulations to investigate the underlying physics, and using transiting planets to spatially resolve stellar surfaces and determine star–planet orbital alignments
Heather completed her PhD at Queen’s University Belfast (QUB) in 2014, focusing on mitigating granulation noise in the confirmation of low-mass exoplanets using 3D magnetohydrodynamical simulations. She subsequently held a Leverhulme Trust Fellowship at QUB and a CHEOPS Research Fellowship at the University of Geneva. She previously studied Physics, with an emphasis in Astronomy and a minor in Mathematics, at Minnesota State University Moorhead.
| 13:30-14:00 |
Efficiently stabilising spectrographs
People often ask me about the 'tricks' we adopted in HARPS, ESPRESSO and NIRPS to make them so stable and so precise. I will admit upfront that there are no hidden tricks. Instead, there are a few basic principles and concepts that we have followed in, sometimes, very strict way to avoid unnecessary risks. By a matter of fact, even if (sub-) meter-per-second precision is achieved almost 'routinely' today, there are still many things that can go wrong when building an EPRV spectrograph. In my talk I will try to summary (our) basic principles and concepts for building an EPRV spectrograph, but also point out the still few areas of possible improvements, especially if we aim at transforming short-term repeatability into long-term repeatability and 'precision' into 'accuracy'.
Professor Francesco PepeGeneva Observatory, Switzerland
Professor Francesco PepeGeneva Observatory, Switzerland Francesco Alfonso Pepe obtained his degree in physics (1992) and his PhD (1995) from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. There he specialised in the construction of state-of-the-art astronomical instruments. He has been a full professor at the University of Geneva (UNIGE) since 2019. He joined UNIGE's Department of Astronomy in 1998, under the impetus of Michel Mayor, to design a new spectrograph for the search for exoplanets. It is this instrument, HARPS, that has enabled Michel Mayor and his team to maintain pole position in the race to detect Earth-like planets. After having been the scientist in charge of the HARPS instrument, Francesco Pepe has developed the Department of Astronomy's instrumentation group, which obtained a worldwide reputation for building many other instruments that are among the most precise in the world. He heads the consortia that are essential to the design of instruments that require large international collaboration. This is the case of the ESPRESSO spectrograph, now installed at the Very Large Telescope of the European Southern Observatory (ESO) in Chile. |
|---|---|
| 14:00-14:15 |
Discussion
|
| 14:15-14:45 |
Developing astrocomb for EPRV spectrograph calibration
Laser frequency combs can provide an ultra-stable and absolutely referenced wavelength ruler for high-resolution astronomical spectrographs, enabling the calibration required for next-generation EPRV measurements. While in theory astrocombs can offer an ideal calibration source, with dense and evenly spaced spectral lines of which frequencies can be directly linked to an atomic or RF reference, achieving the long-term stability, spectral coverage and operational robustness required for cm-per-second RV precision presents significant technical challenges. In this talk, I will present our development of Ti:Sapphire laser based astrocomb systems for high-resolution astronomical spectrographs and our approach to these challenges. I will discuss our techniques and results for achieving the required spectral coverage and comb-mode spacing, as well as offset-tunable comb operation and automation development for telescope deployment. Together these developments aim to narrow the gap between what is routinely achievable in the laboratory and the practical requirements of astronomical instruments, supporting the calibration needed to detect Earth-like planets.
Dr Yuk Shan ChengHeriot Watt University, UK
Dr Yuk Shan ChengHeriot Watt University, UK Yuk Shan (Shan) Cheng is a postdoc in the Ultrafast Optics Group at Heriot-Watt University, where her research focuses on developing laser frequency combs for astronomical spectrograph calibration. She has contributed to the ANDES astrocomb programme for the Extremely Large Telescope since the start of her PhD. Shan now leads the lab development of a pilot astrocomb architecture for ANDES and serves as deputy manager of its astrocomb work package. Since 2023, she has worked on the installation and commissioning of astrocomb at the Southern African Large Telescope, taking the technology from a lab environment to in-field operation. |
| 14:45-15:00 |
Discussion
|
| 15:00-15:30 |
Break
|
Chair
Dr Lily Zhao
University of Chicago, US
Dr Lily Zhao
University of Chicago, US
Lily Ling Zhao is a NASA Sagan Fellow at the University of Chicago and the project scientist for EXPRES, an ultra-stabilized optical spectrograph. Zhao founded and now co-leads the Extreme Stellar Signals Project, a community-wide collaboration with over 40 members working to mitigate stellar signals (now the largest source of scatter in precision radial velocity measurements). Zhao also lead the development of excalibur, a hierarchical method for wavelength calibration that parameterises how different spectrographs vary.
| 15:30-16:00 |
How industry can help
|
|---|---|
| 16:00-16:15 |
Discussion
|
| 16:15-17:00 |
Poster flash talks
|
Chair
Dr Alexandre Santerne
Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, France
Dr Alexandre Santerne
Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, France
Alexandre Santerne is a radial velocity expert with a speciality in the follow-up of transiting exoplanets. After a PhD thesis working for the CoRoT space mission, he explores the planet candidates from the Kepler, then K2 mission, focusing on giant planet at long orbital period. Over the last decade, he led the monitoring the HIP41378 system with instruments like HARPS, HARPS-N and ESPRESSO. This is a fascinating system which host 6 or maybe 7 low-mass planets, most of them transiting at long period. The characterisation of this system goes beyond planetary masses but also include the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect of a planet with a 19-h long transit duration which required a worldwide campaign with all available extreme-precision radial-velocity spectrographs.
| 09:00-09:30 |
From targets to observations: software infrastructure for HARPS3
Finding Earth-like exoplanets using high-precision radial-velocity measurements requires more than an exceptionally stable spectrograph. It also requires software to turn scientific objectives into observations, coordinate those observations with the telescope, capture the resulting engineering and scientific data, and make that data accessible to researchers. The Terra Hunting Experiment and Open-Time Observations on the Isaac Newton Telescope (INT) use HARPS3, a high-resolution, high-stability echelle spectrograph designed for precise radial-velocity measurements. Since 2019, I have worked on the software infrastructure supporting these programmes. This talk will follow the journey from an astronomer requesting observations to those observations becoming scientific data. It will focus particularly on the Python-based Scheduler, which selects the most appropriate target to observe at a given time by considering factors including target coordinates, visibility, telescope constraints and observing conditions. The talk will also cover the Phase 2 web application used by astronomers to prepare observations, the Engineering Database that captures data published by the telescope and instruments, and the Data Archive that will provide long-term storage and access to observations and calibrations. Using HARPS3 as a case study, the talk will explore the challenges of developing software at the boundary between scientific requirements, astronomical instrumentation and autonomous telescope operations, and the role that robust, maintainable software plays in making a complex observing programme possible.
Mr Ian WellawayUniversity of Exeter, UK
Mr Ian WellawayUniversity of Exeter, UK Ian Wellaway is a Research Software Engineer at the University of Exeter with more than 25 years' experience developing research software and digital infrastructure. Since 2019, he has worked on the Terra Hunting Experiment, developing software systems that support the HARPS3 high resolution echelle spectrograph installed at the Isaac Newton Telescope and used in the search for Earth-like exoplanets. His work spans the software that enables astronomical observations, including the Python-based scheduler that selects optimal targets based on telescope constraints, target visibility and observing conditions. He has also developed the Phase 2 web application used by astronomers to prepare observations, the engineering database for collecting telemetry from telescope systems, and the science data archive that stores and distributes observations and calibration data to the collaboration. Ian works closely with astronomers and engineers across the Terra Hunting Experiment and the Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes to develop reliable, maintainable software that supports the operation and long-term sustainability of modern astronomical instrumentation. |
|---|---|
| 09:30-09:45 |
Discussion
|
| 09:45-10:15 |
Managing a science network
|
| 10:15-10:30 |
Discussion
|
| 10:30-11:00 |
Break
|
Chair
Dr Clark Baker
University of Cambridge, UK
Dr Clark Baker
University of Cambridge, UK
Clark is leading the development of a next generation EPRV 'Earth-twin' survey facility, HARVY, at ETH-Zürich. This project aims to develop a system that can be rolled out at scale to generate a network of EPRV spectrographs globally, increasing the quantity and accessibility of precise radial velocity data. Previously, Clark was a Post-doc at the University of Cambridge, where he worked on the realisation of the HARPS3 instrument for the Terra Hunting Experiment. Clark completed his PhD at Queen Mary, University of London, in the study of Spectrographs for Exoplanetary Science.
| 11:00-11:30 |
Combining data from different spectrographs: lessons learned from HIP41378
Tiny RV signals, such as those of Earth twins, require large and precise dataset to be detected. Combining data from different spectrographs allows us to share the load on the telescope time, increase detection robustness and the accuracy of the inferred parameters. For instance, joining visible and NIR spectrographs helps, in some cases, to disentangle planetary signals from stellar activity. In this talk, I will briefly review the main results combining SOPHIE and SPIRou RVs. I will then focus on the lessons we learned from a decade of observing the HIP41378 multi-planetary system with various instruments, including the international campaign during the 2022’s transit of planet f. The latter involved most EPRV spectrographs in the world, on the same target and the same night. In will conclude this talk by outlining some recommendations for a spectrograph network hunting for Earth twins.
Dr Alexandre SanterneLaboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, France
Dr Alexandre SanterneLaboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, France Alexandre Santerne is a radial velocity expert with a speciality in the follow-up of transiting exoplanets. After a PhD thesis working for the CoRoT space mission, he explores the planet candidates from the Kepler, then K2 mission, focusing on giant planet at long orbital period. Over the last decade, he led the monitoring the HIP41378 system with instruments like HARPS, HARPS-N and ESPRESSO. This is a fascinating system which host 6 or maybe 7 low-mass planets, most of them transiting at long period. The characterisation of this system goes beyond planetary masses but also include the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect of a planet with a 19-h long transit duration which required a worldwide campaign with all available extreme-precision radial-velocity spectrographs. |
|---|---|
| 11:30-12:00 |
Cross-instrument comparisons with solar data and excalibur
The incredible, hard-earned advancements in (E)PRV instrumentation means we now have the opportunity to compare instrument performance across optical designs with real data. I will share lessons learned from comparing contemporaneous Sun-as-a-star data across different instruments. This analysis reveals both (1) different instrument systematics across varied design principles, and (2) complications of combining data with differing properties in a precision RV context. I will additionally demonstrate the promise of using hierarchical wavelength calibration (eg excalibur) to trace current instrumental variations and thereby generate informed future instrument design.
Dr Lily ZhaoUniversity of Chicago, US
Dr Lily ZhaoUniversity of Chicago, US Lily Ling Zhao is a NASA Sagan Fellow at the University of Chicago and the project scientist for EXPRES, an ultra-stabilized optical spectrograph. Zhao founded and now co-leads the Extreme Stellar Signals Project, a community-wide collaboration with over 40 members working to mitigate stellar signals (now the largest source of scatter in precision radial velocity measurements). Zhao also lead the development of excalibur, a hierarchical method for wavelength calibration that parameterises how different spectrographs vary. |
| 12:00-12:30 |
Discussion
|
| 13:30-13:50 |
PLATO and RVs
|
|---|---|
| 13:50-14:20 |
HWO and RVs
|
| 14:20-14:40 |
LIFE and RVs
|
| 14:40-15:00 |
Discussion
|
| 15:00-15:30 |
Break
|
Chair
Dr Annelies Mortier
University of Birmingham, UK
Dr Annelies Mortier
University of Birmingham, UK
Annelies is an Associate Professor in astronomy and a UKRI Future Leader Fellow at the University of Birmingham. She previously did her PhD in Porto, a postdoc in St Andrews and a Kavli Fellowship in Cambridge. She is an observational astronomer playing with stars and exoplanets. She works on the detection and characterisation of (small) exoplanets, currently mostly using the HARPS-N spectrograph. She studies the link between planetary and stellar parameters, focusing mainly on chemical composition. Annelies also studies the Sun-as-a-star with multiple instruments to understand the processes behind stellar variability and their effect on radial velocity.
| 15:30-16:15 |
Panel discussion on the sustainability of spectrographs and data processing
|
|---|---|
| 16:15-17:00 |
Panel discussion on future directions including international funding
|