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Is the current level of atmospheric CO2 concentration unprecedented in Earth’s history?

The present level of atmospheric CO₂ concentration is almost certainly unprecedented in the past million years, during which time modern humans evolved and societies developed. The atmospheric CO₂ concentration was however higher in Earth’s more distant past (many millions of years ago), at which time palaeoclimatic and geological data indicate that temperatures and sea levels were also higher than they are today.

Measurements of air in ice cores show that for the past 800,000 years up until the 20th century, the atmospheric CO₂ concentration stayed within the range 170 to 300 parts per million (ppm), making the recent rapid rise to more than 400 ppm over 200 years particularly remarkable [figure 3]. During the glacial cycles of the past 800,000 years both CO₂ and methane have acted as important amplifiers of the climate changes triggered by variations in Earth’s orbit around the Sun. As Earth warmed from the last ice age, temperature and CO₂ started to rise at approximately the same time and continued to rise in tandem from about 18,000 to 11,000 years ago. Changes in ocean temperature, circulation, chemistry, and biology caused CO₂ to be released to the atmosphere, which combined with other feedbacks to push Earth into an even warmer state. 

For earlier geological times, CO₂ concentrations and temperatures have been inferred from less direct methods. Those suggest that the concentration of CO₂ last approached 400 ppm about 3 million years ago (during  the mid-Pliocene Warm Period), when global average surface temperature is estimated to have been about 2 to 3.5°C higher than in the pre-industrial period. The most recent time period when atmospheric CO₂ concentration was as high as 1000 ppm (i.e., similar to the end of 21st century projection for high emissions scenarios) was about 50 million years ago (during the early Eocene), with global average temperature probably about 10°C warmer than today. Under those conditions, Earth had little ice, and sea level was at least 60 metres higher than current levels. 

Figure 3. Data from ice cores have been used to reconstruct Antarctic temperatures and atmospheric CO₂ concentrations over the past 800,000 years. Temperature is based on measurements of the isotopic content of water in the Dome C ice core. CO₂ is measured in air trapped in ice, and is a composite of the Dome C and Vostok ice core. The current CO₂ concentration (red dot) is from atmospheric measurements. During these cycles, changes in CO₂ concentrations (in blue) track closely with changes in temperature (bottom). As the record shows, the recent increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentration is unprecedented in the past 800,000 years. Atmospheric CO₂ concentration surpassed 400 ppm in 2016, and the average concentration in 2025 was more than 425 ppm. Source: British Antarctic Survey 

Page last updated: July 2026

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